Hebrew and Islamic Mythology Essay Example for Free

Hebrew and Islamic Mythology Essay While science and religion are infamous for their disagreeable and frequently savagely differentiating relationship, they bear much in like manner in their plan. Both set out to give clarifications to the world’s riddles. What's more, all things considered, they likewise share an enormous hand of unanswered inquiries. Maybe boss among them, the topic of the earth’s creation, and by expansion, man’s rising to mindfulness, is unified with not many observational clarifications. What's more, without any convincing proof, speculations proliferate from all camps. A consistent idea in history’s sections, legends in regards to the Earth’s origination give understanding into the lives and societies of their separate social orders. In western culture, the Judeo-Christian tale is effectively the most notable. This story is the essential creationist folklore for some monotheistic factions. Thus, God makes the earth in six days, with man showing up on the last. On the seventh day, the transcendent rests and hence, conveys man the Sabbath. In any case, in the hundreds of years that went before the articulation point where monotheism started to take mainstream hold, polytheistic worshipers of another god gave the most normally held thoughts regarding the earth’s root. Perhaps the soonest case of the educated and explained nature that these fantasies could take on originates from the rich embroidered artwork of Greek folklore. The Greeks were icon admirers who had built up a complex and amazingly beautiful cast of divine beings. In spite of the fact that not all-powerful like the Judeo-Christian all-powerful, these divine beings were accepted to have genuine and impressive control over the lives of their human subjects. The Greek fantasy of creation is a composition of that relationship. It was accepted that, before earth, there was only obscurity. What's more, in the midst of this murkiness, the main item was a dark winged flying creature called Nyx. This flying creature, alone in the void, was impregnated by the breeze. (Note the corresponding to the impeccable origination of Christ. ). Because of this inestimable association, she yielded a brilliant egg, which she continued to perch upon for a large number of years. In the end, this egg incubated and the divine force of adoration, Eros, sprang forward. Similarly as Eros was conceived, so too were his kin, whom he was given the respect of naming. They were the upper and lower parts of his shell, which rose to the air and sank to the ground separately. They turned into the sky and the earth. Eros called them Uranus and Gaia and favored them with adoration. This adoration brought about youngsters and grandkids who might bloom into turned, war-bowed divine beings whose better judgment would be frequently blinded by a miserable mission for power. An original offspring of Gaia and Uranus, Kronus took a spouse in Rhea and delivered numerous kids, whom he developed to fear massively. Kronus, an issue solver naturally, gulped his kids while they were still newborn children, along these lines forestalling what he viewed as the unavoidable danger of usurpation. The most youthful of his children, in any case, was likewise the most darling to Rhea so she tricked her better half into devouring a stone in the child’s place. This most youthful youngster, Zeus, would become solid in masculinity and at last bring to acknowledgment Kronus’ biggest dread. Zeus freed his siblings and sisters from his father’s vindictive and all-expending handle. At that point he drove them to insurgency, pursuing a war against the domineering god. In their triumph, they directed their considerate concentration toward the extraordinary manifestations of Nyx. The divine beings started to populate Uranus with the stars accordingly making space. They started to outfit Gaia with life, in this way birthing nature. In the wake of making the suitable scenery, the divine beings perceived that the earth was right with the exception of its need for creatures and people. Zeus set to the undertaking his children Prometheus and Epimetheus, whose names make an interpretation of truly to mean thinking ahead and bit of hindsight. This gives some intriguing knowledge, maybe, into the Greek point of view about man’s scholarly limit and inevitable mindfulness. Also, it offers exacting insights concerning the novel capacities and eccentricities that mark the species which populate the earth. At the point when alloted to the activity of planning animals, the siblings were given an assortment of blessings to offer their manifestations. While Epimetheus set upon the undertaking of making the creatures and granting them all with blessings, Prometheus deliberately etched man to be in the picture of the divine beings. (Once more, man’s definition as being in the picture of god holds much in the same way as Judeo-Christian creationism). At the point when he finished his undertaking, he found that Epimetheus had parted with all the blessings, leaving mankind with the pole. Prometheus looked to redress the issue by taking a hint of fire from the setting sun and offering it to man. At the point when Zeus got up to discover man possessing what was to have a place just with the divine beings, he was irate. He rebuffed Prometheus to an unfathomable length of time stapled to a tree, having his liver bit on by vultures. Yet, the harm was finished. Man had been made and given the intensity of fire. There is significantly more to Greek folklore, similarly as with the book of scriptures. The job of the divine beings takes on a wide exhibit of purposes, step by step divining all of man’s indecencies and temperances. Be that as it may, in the narrative of the earth’s creation alone, there is a lot of light. The Greek legend starts to recount to part of the account of Greek culture to the extent that it offers some evident self-assessment. In this account of viciousness, misdirection and a characteristic inclination toward trickiness, the Greeks give a penetrating investigate a mind since a long time ago died from the world. Making due with far more noteworthy ideological force are those creation fantasies driving present day confidence. The conventional structure of the prevailing monotheistic beliefs fuses an account with respect to the production of earth and man into its developmental tenets. Thus is ordinarily contained a beginning clarification for the connection between god, man, paradise and earth that gives establishing to the aggregate of the faith’s holy content. This is a key shared characteristic between the writings of the Hebrew Bible and the Holy Qur’an, the two of which commit noteworthy segments of their second sections to outlining the tale of the principal man. It is striking to look at the sections concerning the formation of the main man as they show up in the two writings. Despite the fact that today Judaism and Islam work nearly as predecessors to each other, with their experts regularly seeing their separate messages as setting them into polar and down to earth resistance of each other, these sections give proof of their normal deduction. The creation fantasies of the two religions propose that their political, social and social contrasts today may come from the subtleties in that, which had the impact of putting their inclinations in close limits with each other while equipping them with unique points of view on how best to accomplish said interests. The subtleties encompassing God’s liberation of Adam to the Garden are basically the equivalent as indicated by the two writings, however the wording of each calls for nearer hypothesis. In Genesis, the primary book of the Hebrew Bible, God follows his work of making the paradise and the earth by making man: â€Å"Then the LORD God shaped man of the residue of the ground, and inhaled into his noses the breath of life; and man turned into a living soul.. † (Gen. 2:7) From here is taken a considerable supposition in the Judeo-Christian confidence which continues from it, that man is made in the picture and resemblance of God. The breath of God, this section shows, flows in the body of each man, recommending an obligation to faithfulness for us all. The Qur’an, in its acknowledgment of a similar liberation to the Garden, paints an alternate picture in affirmation of God’s gift of life. With regards to an unmistakable topical motivation of the Qur’an, sentencing its perusers to take note of the qualification in destinies for adherents and nonbelievers, the expression delineating Adam’s creation is presented with a comparative implication: â€Å"How do you deny Allah and you were dead and He gave you life? Again He will make you kick the bucket and again breath life into you, at that point you will be taken back to Him. † (Koran, 2:28) This is an entry which requests not only faith in the creationist job of Allah yet in addition a commitment to destroying or fighting non-conviction. All the more unequivocally and ideologically appropriate however, it conveys with it a depiction of the procedure of rebirth. Man, in this section, is depicted as a substance being completely helpless before God inside the obligations of the maker to-made relationship. Furthermore, where the compartment into God’s picture, held in the Hebrew Bible, at last inclined man to divine eternality, this unendingness is spoken to distinctively in Islam. The hints of resurrection here propose that man isn't viewed as made in the picture of God, nor even a component of the earth as additionally suggested by Genesis 2:7, however is a spirit unendingly arranged to take structures as indicated by the desire of Allah. This doesn't really show a central contrast in the attitudes of the divine beings being referred to, Yahweh and Allah in the book of scriptures and Qur’an individually. In Genesis, there is an enunciated articulation in regards to God’s ability and right, as maker, to snuff out his subject for offense of his law. At that point, this law was established immediately of one mandate in which â€Å"the LORD God directed the man, saying: Of each tree of the nursery thou mayest openly eat; however of the tree of the information on great and shrewdness, thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt unquestionably kick the bucket. †(Gen. 2:16-17) These premonition words are those which guaranteed our mortality on an earth described as the discussion for oust from the Garden. The air which god inhaled into us through Adam’s nostrils would, as God guaranteed, be the p

Role of SHRM in Organisational Effectiveness Sample for Students

Question: Examine the Strategic Human Resource Management Plays a Significant Role in Organizational Effectiveness and Strategic Planning is an Essential Element of Anticipating the Future HR Needs of an Organization. Answer: Presentation The human asset division has a significant task to carry out while it goes to the smooth working of the association (Brewster, Mayrhofer and Morley 2016). They care for the representatives and attempts to fulfill the needs and needs of the workers with the goal that they are fulfilled and work for the advancement of the association (Sparrow, Brewster and Chung 2016). Despite the fact that human asset division takes care of the government assistance of the workers, the outside conditions now and again have tremendous effect on the capacities and tasks of the association inside (Story 2014). As it were, it tends to be said that the inside elements of the human asset the board is influenced by the states of the outer market. The circumstance is diverse for the instructive division. The workers of the instructive area are not dealing with the average clients. Other than the official staffs, there are the educators who are taking care of the understudies. Subsequently, the human asset the executives will be bit not quite the same as the ones that are done in typical organizations. Be that as it may, very like different circumstances, the outside condition will likewise influence the manner in which the workers are overseen in the association (Purce 2014). The educators and different staffs need to increasingly cautious with their work as they are taking care of things to come of the understudies and the human asset division should act by remembering the individuals that the representatives are taking care of in the foundation (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). The paper will assess the human asset arranging and the executives at University of Sydney. The arranging and the human asset the board will be evaluated with the assistance of the model proposed by Jackson and Schuler in the years 1995. The model has mulled over the outer components that can influence the tasks of the human asset in an association. The interior variables of the human asset the board like arranging, maintenances, enlistment, preparing and worker connection will be talked about in the article. The elements will be talked about by remembering the instructive area. The outer elements that have been referenced in the model of Jackson and Schuler will be investigated and the effect of the variables in the tasks of the HR division will be concentrated in the exposition. The outside variables referenced in the model may have positive just as negative effects on the HR elements of the establishment. Foundation of the instructive organization Instruction for all, administration for good is the saying for University of Sydney (The University of Sydney 2017). College of Sydney accepts that reasoning logically, shake things up, break the show and getting improvement the world is in their DNA. William Charles Wentworth laid the stone of University of Sydney in the year 1850 and he turned into the person who established the main college of Australia. He needed to bestow training to the youngsters without segregating between their classes. Also, he needed that each youngster ought to get training with the goal that the person gets valuable for building up the eventual fate of its particular nations. The thought and estimation of William Charles Wentworth has not being changed and since the previous 60 years, University of Sydney is following Wentworths way. Be that as it may, things showed signs of improvement in the college and in the year 1881 ladies were conceded in equivalent number as the male understudies. The activity is genuinely exemplary, as up to that point neither Oxford University nor Jesus College at Cambridge University has made any such stride. College of Sydney offers chances to the gifted and meriting understudies by parting with several grants for the understudies who originate from poor money related foundations. College of Sydney can flaunt the celebrated graduated class. The names of the past understudies recommend that it has been perhaps the best spot that helps in the advancement of the vocation pof the people. A portion of the names that re related with University of Sydney are Victor Chang, the renowned heart transplant specialist and Gough Whitlam. A portion of the names probably won't have had the option to get the spotlight yet their commitment for the advancement of the general public is praiseworthy. Among other graduated class, there are Mary Kostakidis, the acclaimed columnist and telecaster, the prominent dissident, Charles Perkins, Dame Joan Sutherland, show vocalist, the well known administrator, Michael Kirby and the author, Clive James. Five Australian PMs have been related with University of Sydney. Edmund Bartonis one such character who won the debut government political race for Australia in the year, 1901. The graduated class have made their quality felt in building up the social area of the nation. Noel Pearson is battling for the rights and acknowledgment for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. They have had the option to make their quality felt in legislative issues also. Educator Marie Bashir who is one of the most prominent open and scholarly figures has been the previous legislative head of New South Wales. The vision of University of Sydney is to lead in the general public to improve the existence where the individuals live in. The estimations of University of Sydney is imparted since its origin they have confidence in giving training for all and actualize authority that will improve the lives. They accept administration ought not be available in an individual rather it ought to be available in culture. The methodology of University of Sydney is to fabricate a put down where the wagers scientist could rehearse their work and the most meriting understudies ought to be capable accomplish their objectives by applying their latent capacity. College of Sydney isn't deserted most definitely. They have remembered water and vitality utilization for their need list. They have additionally embraced reusing items and waste administration as approaches to get improvement the general public. Conversation of outer natural factors as introduced in Jackson and Schulers (1995) HRM model As indicated by Jackson and Schuler (1995), human asset the executives and arranging in an association isn't just about the inner administration yet additionally about the outside elements. A portion of the elements that have been recognized by the creators are: The laws and guidelines of a nation are answerable for the manner in which the instructors and different workers will be given the compensation. The lowest pay permitted by law that is given to the representatives of a nation ought to be given to the workers of the association (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). Furthermore, the pay ought to be expanded dependent on the experience of the individual. The representatives of an association ought to be fill in according to the working hours appointed to the works of the nation (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). The organizations can't make the representatives work more than the working hour alloted to the representatives working in that nation. The worker gets qualified for additional compensation if the individual is working more than the doled out working hour (Alfes et al. 2013). Various nations have diverse work societies. In certain spots, the workers are just worried about themselves and individual development while in certain spots, they figure the development of the association will help being developed of their profession (Riley 2014). A few nations accept that working throughout the day will help them in increasing appropriate achievement, while a few representatives in different nations feel that they should take rest and work at the same time to be fruitful grinding away (Wilton 2016). The work culture is a few nations show that there ought to be legitimate differentiation between the assignments of the staffs who are working there, while in certain nations they feel that the representatives should cooperate (Aswathappa 2013). The assignment among the representatives are just for various checks, else they work in a casual way. Consequently, the work culture of different nations appear to have enormous impact on the representatives in an association a re dealt with. It will be the obligation of the HR chief to make any new worker from any global nation to comprehend about the work culture and help the individual alter with the work culture of the nation (Marler and Fisher 2013). The steadiness of the political force in a nation hugy affects the manner in which the representatives work. The most influenced part is the tranquility with which the representatives work. In the event that the administration isn't steady, it will influence crafted by the representatives, as they will continually dread of turmoil (Messersmith and Wales 2013). Furthermore, the compensation of the representatives will likewise be influenced (Beer, Boselie and Brewster 2015). On the off chance that the association isn't certain about the fate of the nation and the conditions wherein they work, the business won't be sufficient (Boella and Goss-Turner 2013). Accordingly, they won't have the option to pay the representatives appropriately. Market and industry elements go connected at the hip with regards to the human asset chief of an association. On the off chance that the business can't work appropriately, it will influence the way the matter of the association (Carmeli, Gelbard and Reiter?Palmon 2013). Therefore, the individuals probably won't be intrigued to work in the specific area where the organization is working (Jamali, El Dirani and Harwood 2015). In this manner, the organization will experience the ill effects of misfortune as they would not get legitimate worker to work for them. What's more, the current representatives may likewise leave looking for better open doors in some other area as the specific segment isn't had the option to demonstrate productive for the improvement of the profession (Shields et al. 2015). When the business is fit as a fiddle, the organizations working in that industry will perform well and it will have the option to keep the representatives fulfilled and glad in their work (Know les, Holton III and Swanson 2014). HR capacities The arranging, resourcing and maintenance

Essay Writing Companies in Los Angeles

Essay Writing Companies in Los AngelesIf you are looking for the best essay writing companies in Los Angeles, there are a number of different ways to find them. The different ones that you find will depend on what you are looking for, the reputation of the company and how comfortable you are with the type of people you are dealing with.It is a good idea to look for the article writing companies in the yellow pages before you start your search. The article writing companies are listed in the yellow pages in order of business location, which can make your task easier. The article writing companies are typically contacted by other individuals who are looking for a writer as well.Research the company and determine if they have a history of producing quality work. You will want to do some research to see if any of the writers that you are contacting can be trusted or not. Do a search on the company and see if anyone has given any feedback about them or their clients. If you feel comfortab le with the company you are working with, do not hesitate to ask for references to help you determine if the company is reputable.When you first start working with the company, you will want to have the basic information ready before you start working. The information you need to know includes your resume, sample essays, course information and contact information. Make sure that the samples that you send are to be used by the company and not yours. Once you start getting responses from the companies that you have contacted, you can develop a relationship with the company and then you can send samples back and forth.It is also a good idea to find out as much as you can about the person who will be working with you. This can help you decide if the individual is trustworthy and can help you in deciding which one you would like to work with in the future. You should have at least one reference or two that you can turn to.If you want to find the best essay writing companies in Los Angele s, the best place to start your search is online. Many of the online directories contain all of the types of writing services and will help you locate the right company for you. It is a good idea to read testimonials and reviews before you start looking for the best company, just to see how they treat their clients.Reputable article writing services will always provide you with samples to view before they begin work. Many of the article writing services will provide sample essays for you to view as well. The best companies will make it easy for you get started and will give you sample information so that you know everything about the company before you begin working with them.Finding the best essay writing companies in Los Angeles should not be difficult. You just need to start with doing a search online and determine which companies are reputable and trustworthy. With the knowledge you have about the company, you will be able to determine if they are the best essay writing company for you.

Age Discrimination in the Workplace - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2362 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? In this current time, age discrimination has increased reported incidents around the world. For many, this type of discrimination is hampering the rights of employees or artists who were given less priority to claim a certain privilege or opportunity. This is due to the preference of institutions and groups towards the younger generation who are more active and cooperative. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Age Discrimination in the Workplace" essay for you Create order The aging population is concerned that this type of discrimination can significantly affect their emotional integrity due to the intimidating factors caused by stereotyping companies. However, there are new laws that are attempting to prevent this situation from happening in the future. Companies are usually apprehended after finding out that they have been involved in discriminative nature towards individuals who are subjected for apprehension. Now, the law of discrimination is slowly gaining presence around the world due to its negative impact to the community with the elderly population (Prokurat, 2012). As for the case of Liebman v. Metropolitan Life Insurance, the issue is all about discrimination on the basis of age. Employees were restricted from receiving benefits as well as having the threat on discontinuing their employment contract based on their older age group. As a result, their financial and emotional well-being is compromised due to the fact that elderly employees are already singled out by the company. The main goal is to employ younger individuals who are more technically skilled and does not have any medical conditions to continue the business efficiently. As a response to this application, limiting the aging workforce has been generating a concern to the community due to the unfair treatment of Metropolitan Life Insurance. Although there are laws prohibiting age discrimination, this law is not totally implemented as it causes an individual to become degraded with a privilege on working with the company whom does not want older employees. Argument Older employees have benefits to claim, which are the insurances and job opportunities since they are still productive as the younger population. The most interesting fact in this feature is their ability to comprehend simple tasks provided by the company, old school etiquette. This is because there are new laws that provide multiple privileges for the elderly to receive benefits as they have already contributed significant productive practices in the community. Instances of age-related discrimination are often managed by the Supreme Court if there are brave elderly employees who managed to file for a legal lawsuit against their employer. The involvement of the Supreme Court generates public attention due to the nature of the lawsuit that provides a wake-up call for companies to start considering age discrimination to become more affiliated with equal treatment. Example is when an employee is fired due to a health condition, which attracts the attention of the authorities. Elderly employees are understandably weaker as compared to the younger generation. Employees aged 65 and above are mostly experiencing health problems due to a poor sedentary lifestyle that limits their physical and mental performance. They may need to work longer due to lack of retirement income and limited insurance coverages. This is usually the basis of some companies who has been considering if they are still capable of accomplishing several tasks as applied by the managers. The only problem is when elderly becomes sick; it can significantly halt the operation of their performance, leading to a disruption or delays with a certain process. The impact of traditional common law constraints on managers could risk the companys productivity at a given time and strain the performance of the company if the company still employs an individual who is already suffering from discomforts at a given time. For example, a 72-year-old employee, employed with the company for 29 years, with a seco nd diagnosis of breast cancer. With treatments and surgeries, she returns to work from FMLA and Short-Term Disability, however, she is tired and still healing. She is unable to handle the day-to-day responsibilities. With modifications to her workload, how long does the employer continue paying her wages when like employees have additional workloads? From the negative point of view from employers as managers, they believe that it is the right choice for elderly employees to have a limited employment contract. The main reason is that there are physical, mental, and emotional limitations associated with the skills and knowledge performance. As managers, the welfare of the company is always considered as an important consideration to ensure that the level of productivity is competent. Managers are aware that there are corresponding benefits awaiting elderly employees, which is beneficial as compared to the younger generation. This reason has been considering civil rights groups concerned due to the risk of disconnecting affected employees from having a productive socio-economic lifestyle. As a result, there is a surge in seniors filing bankruptcy according to the Washington Post (Singletary, 2018). There is a higher cost of living and Social Security alone will not sustain their debt without a supplemental income. With response to the legal laws, the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) is an institution that regulates all issues of age-related discrimination within the workplace. It conducts investigation to companies involved with complaints of discriminating their employees based on their age. The Age Discrimination Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) is another law that aims to sanction any company, individual, or group involved in segregating other individuals basing on their age, race, color, nationality, or gender (Clarkson, 2012). There are corresponding punishments and financial liabilities for individuals who have been proven on committing discrimination against other individuals or even groups. For Older Worker Benefits Protection Act (OWBPA), it aims to provide more benefits for the elderly population to have more opportunities to maintain their productive socio-economic status. By reaching the age of 65, there are several benefits and compensation opportunities that are prov ided to them regardless of the company they are currently affiliated to in order to prevent any risk of committing financial losses (Echavarria, 2015). Definition of Age Discrimination When we say age discrimination, this is the process wherein an individual has been degraded with their right or privilege basing on their age aside from their health conditions. This scenario usually occurs at the workplace wherein the affected employee has been regarded as a liability by the company or an individual responsible for discriminating an employee. At first, the affected employee may not realize that their age is the factor for influencing their employment viability. However, they become emotionally frustrated whenever discovering that they have been segregated due to their age. Therefore, there are laws such as the ADEA who can be responsible for monitoring companies involved in these illegal acts towards elderly for a possibility of apprehension. As a result, it seeks to protect all affected employees who are at risk from being laid off from the company they are currently working. Jobs that restrict older employees One major job example is a pilot because airline companies are always ensuring the full safety of their passengers while traversing in mid-air. Pilots who are already old are required not to continue their service, especially if they failed recent vision testing. The visual acuity of people who are already in their elder stage can be observed having a blurred vision. Health care employees such as doctors and nurses are also required to retire at the age of 65, in which their physical capacity may no longer sustain their productive skills and knowledge at the workplace. As a physician or nurse, working in the health care facility require physical demand that elders cannot sustain while at work. In this case, there are several factors such as acquiring nosocomial infection, accidents, and the risk of injury that other health care practitioners are not considering any lawsuits from the employees (Skelsey, 2013). Protection from discrimination Employers can protect themselves from any risk of facing discriminative nature by means of complying with the law. Every employer must understand that there are EEOC applications that monitor companies from any risk of being involved in discriminatory practices. These are institutions who are involved in illegal practice for excluding their employees based on their age. The ADEA is a provision wherein companies or any involved employer will be subjected to legal proceedings once there are strong evidences that they have been involved in such practices. It prohibits employers from forcing these aged employees into retirement if they are in nonmanagerial positions with other criteria (Clarkson, 2012). For OWBPA, employers are raising compensation and benefits for elderly individuals on the basis that they can become a role model to other companies who provides higher benefits for older employees. The 72-year-old employee with breast cancer should be provided accommodations to her hards hip (Clarkson, 2012) which may require modifying her job responsibilities to avoid a potential discrimination claim. Hiring practices With the issue against existing employees on the basis of retirement age, there are certain practices wherein employees are indeed needed to resign after several years of serving the company. One of the most critical issues is the separation pay because when there is a forced retirement for employees, it is important for the companies to pay their separation wage. In this case, employees will have a financial bridge to establish a business after their professional career demise. This employers right is regarded as the appoint or dismissal of an employee. This is in accordance to the procedures that complies with the laws to prevent any risk of being discriminated. Furthermore, employers have the rightful decision to protect the interest of their brand or companys image from any intent to abuse their authority just to conduct illicit activities against the company (Perry, 2014). For employees over forced retirement indicates that the employer may have the right to protect its own image and reputation from any unjust practices made by the employee. This is because there are conditions wherein the employee may have caught doing illegal or unacceptable practices that promoted harm and intimidation to other employees. When the employee becomes violent enough to cause a significant damage to the company, forced resignation or retirement regardless of age is allowed under the law. In terms of health-related problems, the company may also have the right to ensure that the employee should undergo an immediate rehabilitation. This is regardless of age wherein the employee should not be exerting more effort as their health might be further compromised if they continue to render their service with the company (Levin, 2012) As for employees who were terminated, the main basis is their behavioral characteristics while working with the company. In favor of employers rights, they have always the prerogative to take action against an employee who was caught involved in activities that violates the rules of the company. Sometimes, there are company laws that restrict employees from performing something that has been causing a conflict of interest with the company. One example is when the employee is caught involved in fraudulent transactions that gravely affected the practices of the whole institution. Therefore, the employers believe that they are not going anything wrong because they are just protecting their company and the safety of all other employees of the company (Tuccille, 2012). Employers have the right to terminate their employee if there are scenarios that are considered before deciding to discontinue their working contracts. The first provision is that when the contract has been breached, the em ployer has the right to let go of the employee regardless of the age, race gender, or nationality. Possible effects of employees within the workplace The first possible impacts of having an older employee within the workplace are the presence of seniority, in which the main goal is to impose an autocratic ambiance to promote discipline within the community or society. Younger employees will learn how to become respectful with other employees, which is responsible for promoting an optimistic camaraderie between two or more employees and other stakeholders. This is all about controlling behaviors that are usually presumed inappropriate under the eyes of elder employees. The second effect is to create balanced behavioral instincts that regulate the attitudes of different personalities in the workplace. Older employees always promote harmonious working relationships with the younger employees by means of sharing their experiences that are useful to prevent any dangerous remarks affecting the integrity of the company. Having a good camaraderie enhances harmonious working relationships because older employees share their knowledge regar ding their past experiences with similar situation. In the case mentioned earlier of the employee returning from bouts of breast cancer, she never abused her time and filed for her benefits accordingly. This sets an example to the younger team members of time management. This is because older employees have already experienced certain practices that are important for the companys implementation of laws such as age discrimination that affects the security of tenure in their respective job. These older employees are able to provide previous reactions from other individuals who encountered discriminatory actions from their past employment experience (Evans, 2012). It has been learned that age discrimination is a serious offense that can be committed by an individual or group at work. This is solely based on the prejudiced actions applied by the involved offending party towards the victim that has been enduring the agony of suffering from mistreatment. Managers are aware that age discrimination can bring a significant threat to the psychological capacity of an affected individual. The main reason behind this is that employees can be terminated without prior notice, making them financially unstable after the incident. The best solution is to analyze the existing laws applied by the company to discover some rules that promotes prejudiced practices towards the rights of employees. For this reason, there are plenty of times that a person can change the existing law and implementation made by the operating institution with respect to the rights of their employees in compliance with the laws such as EEOC, ADEA and OWBPA (Watkins, 2011). Doing the rig ht thing to ensure the quality of our employees should be a priority in all business structures. Creating an open communication structure will equip managers with the understanding of where the senior employees are in their careers and to support their need to continue working under the circumstances or to assist if one makes the decision to face retirement.

Economic Indicators Essay - 535 Words

Economic Indicators nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For the individual who watches CNN a great deal, the term Economic Indicators well recognized. However, for the individual who chooses not to make CNN a primary station, the term Economic Indicators can be extremely confusing. Economist often use very unlike terms when referring to the fluctuating economy. Economic Indicators happens to be one of the many terms that they use. So, what exactly are Economic Indicators, and what purpose do they serve? In addition to the previous stated questions, are they really that important? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Economic Indicators serve the purpose of spying on the economy, let me further elaborate. Economic Indicators are economic statistics.†¦show more content†¦Beginning with the types of Indicators, they can be classified as leading, lagging, or contemporaneous also called coincident. First, leading indicators are those that change ahead of the economy. This means that the leading indicators change before the economy. A good example of a leading indicator, which also will be used later on, is stock market returns. The stock market declines before it is evident in the economy and it increases before the economy is affected by it. The next type of an indicator is lagged. A lagged indicator changes after the economy does. It is referred to as lagged because it changes quarters after the economy. For example, the unemployment rate, one would consider to be a lagged indicator. Unemployment does not improve immediately after the economy improves. It will take two or three quarters so that unemployment reflects the economy. The last type of Economic Indicator is contemporaneous or coincident. A contemporaneous economic indicator is one that moves at the same rate as the economy. When the economy goes down, it is reflected by the indicator. Gross Domestic Product is considered to be a contemporaneous indicator. As the economy improves, GDP improves and as the economy declines the same is true for GDP. Without going into detail, the three relationships that Economic Indicators can have with the economy are Procyclical, Countercyclical, and Acyclic. IfShow MoreRelatedLeading Economic Indicators1428 Words   |  6 PagesLeading Economic indicators offer statistics and data about the economy. There are a total of ten economic indicators that the conference board uses to gather statistics and data to determine the status of the economy and what is expected. This helps them determine what businesses and people should and should not do for the future of the economy Three leading economic indicators that have been on the media lately are the average weekly hours and manufacturing, manufacturers new orders, consumerRead MoreEconomic Indicators : A Economic Indicator1337 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Economic Indicators are pieces of data that is usually of the macroeconomic scale that is used by investors to calculate current and future investment opportunities. They also help them decide the health of an economy. An economic indicator can be anything the investor chooses, but certain kinds of data that is released by the government and non-profit organizations are widely followed (Investopedia, 2015). Economic Indicators An economic indicator can have one of the three typesRead MoreEconomic Indicators Paper1521 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic Indicators Paper What does it mean when someone refers to the health of an economy? Furthermore, how can one classify an economy? Americans love to quantify data. Because of this inherent need to compare data, economists have developed a way to collect nearly every type of statistics that may reveal the general health of the economy. These statistics actually tell if the economy is productive and efficient or if it is slow and inefficient. Included in these statistics are Gross DomesticRead MoreThe Economics Of Happiness Is An Indicator Of Economic Success1790 Words   |  8 Pagespotential benefits and drawbacks of using happiness as an indicator of economic success, analyze how it can be measured and examine the current theories on whether happiness can cause economic growth, or vice versa. Whilst economic growth first and foremost implies an increase in GDP per capita, increasing happiness can be attributed to many different determinants such as health, education, stability and inequality. T herefore, the economics of happiness is a multi-layered and rather subjective areaRead MoreThe Economic Indicators That Affect Apple Inc.1755 Words   |  8 PagesApple Inc. This paper introduces six economic indicators that affect Apple Inc. and how they form part of the firm strategic plans and goals for the future of the firm. A definition this paper provides a definition of each economic indicator along with an explanation of how they affect the company’s domestic operations. In addition, the paper offers suggestions as of what the strategic response for each indicator should be. Economic Indicators An economic indicator is defined by Investopidea.com (nRead MoreGdp Growth And Other Economic Indicators1408 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth and other economic indicators Average per capita income in the United States has the increasing trend that covers a period of 1990 to 2014. The GDP per Capita reveals relationship in economic performance and population growth of a country. An increase in Gross Domestic Production per Capital shows development in economic leading to improvement in living standards. On the other hand, Australia GDP has shown a positive increase over last decade (Babihuga, 2007). The economic level has improvedRead MorePopulation: A Vital Indicator of Economic Growth Essay2235 Words   |  9 PagesEconomic growth in a city, state, or country is characterized by steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy or a growth of national income (Fernandez- Villaverde, 2001). The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate is most commonly used to measure economic growth because it is a reflection of the total change in a country’s national output (Filardo, 1999). This growth rate is used to predict the direction of an econ omy. A positive growth rate indicates a positive economy with moreRead MoreThe Effect Of Macroeconomic Indicators On Economic Growth On A Petrol Dollar Economy Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesTHE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN A PETROL-DOLLAR ECONOMY: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE 1. Introduction The Central Bank of Nigeria Act of 1958(CBN) vested the monetary policy powers of economic stability on the apex regulatory bank (CBN).Since our independence in 1960,CBN has operated a fixed exchange regime which was at various times was at par with the British pounds and later the United States Dollar. 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At the same time, as stated by Axel Dreher (2014). there is a great deal of heterogeneity in gender inequality across countries consisting of sexism, sexual exploitation and sexual oppression, Furthermore, as Dreher states (2014), this focus on gender inequality is also at the core of the 1995 Beijing Platform of Action, the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination

Consumer Protection Act Protecting The Consumers From...

Overview of Consumer Protection Act Consumer protection act is to protect the consumers from unfair trade practices. As we are aware that most of the businesses before establishing the business, do some research of the market condition due to which they reach in a well dominating position because they are aware of even those things which generally consumers are not aware of, so they use that information for the exploitation. To avoid this, Consumer protection act is a benchmark in the legislation for consumers as this act provides speedy justice as compared to other existing laws. One of the most important responsibilities of the government is the welfare of the people, that where this act was introduced as it helps the consumers to get fast and inexpensive justice. (Kashyap, 2015) This act ensures the rights of the consumers and its importance is as follows:- †¢ Protection from Exploitation †¢ Consumer Education †¢ Redressal of Complaints †¢ Bulletins and Periodicals †¢ Encouraging honest Businessmen †¢ Connecting Link †¢ Unity †¢ Quality Life for consumers †¢ Ethical Obligations †¢ Getting public support (Patil, 2013) Three selected Acts and their requirements The Fair Trading Act 1986 The purpose of this act is to contribute to a trading environment in which: 1. The interests of the consumer are protected. 2. Businesses compete effectively. 3. Consumers and businesses participate confidently. The act: 1. Prohibits certain unfair conduct and practices in relation to trade.Show MoreRelatedProtecting The American Consumer : What Is The Federal Trade Commission?1320 Words   |  6 Pages Protecting the American Consumer: What is the Federal Trade Commission For the last 100 years a single federal agency has stood to protect the american consumers. 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The Consumer Protection Act, 2002 requires that ambiguous contract terms be construed in favour of the consumer. (T) 6. The Consumer Protection Act, 2002 createsRead MoreLaw, Consumer Protection Act And Competition Law1436 Words   |  6 Pagesbusinesses by United Kingdom courts and government. Therefore, the three main areas of legislation by which the law affects business in the United Kingdom are through employment law, consumer protection Act and competition law. The employment law as the name typifies is the law that regulates the relationship between workers, trade unions, employers and the government and the main types of employment status include workers, employees, self-employed and contractors, directors and office holders and most of

The Power Elite free essay sample

The Power Elite by C. Wright Mills Oxford Press, 1956 The powers of ordinary men are circumscribed by the everyday worlds in which they live, yet even in these rounds of Job, family, and neighborhood they often seem driven by forces they can neither understand nor govern. Great changes are beyond their control, but affect their conduct and outlook none the less. The very framework of modern society confines them to projects not their own, but from every side, such changes now press upon the men and women of the mass society, who accordingly eel that they are without purpose in an epoch in which they are without power. But not all men are in this sense ordinary. As the means of information and of power are centralized, some men come to occupy positions in American society from which they can look down upon, so to speak, and by their decisions mightily affect, the everyday worlds of ordinary men and women. They are not made by their Jobs; they set up and break down Jobs for thousands of others; they are not confined by simple family responsibilities; they can escape. They may live in many hotels and houses, but they are bound by no one community. They need not merely meet the demands of the day and hour; in some part, they create these demands, and cause others to meet them. Whether or not they profess their power, their technical and political experience of it far transcends that of the underlying population. What Jacob Burckhardt said of great men, most Americans might well say of their elite: They are all that we are not. The power elite is composed of men whose positions enable them to transcend the ordinary environments of ordinary men and women; they are in positions to make decisions having major consequences. Whether they do or do ot make such decisions is less important than the fact that they do occupy such pivotal positions: their failure to act, their failure to make decisi ons, is itself an act that is often of greater consequence than the decisions they do make. For they are in command of the major hierarchies and organizations of modern society. They rule the big corporations. They run the machinery of the state and claim its prerogatives. They direct the military establishment. They occupy the strategic command posts of the social structure, in which are now centered the effective means of the power and the wealth and the celebrity which they enjoy. The power elite are not solitary rulers. Advisers and consultants, spokesmen and opinion-makers are often the captains of their higher thought and decision. Immediately below the elite are the professional politicians of the middle levels of power, in the Congress and in the pressure groups, as well as among the new and old upper classes of town and city and region. Mingling with them, in curious ways which we shall explore, are those professional celebrities who live by being continually displayed but are never, so long as they remain celebrities, displayed enough It such celebrities are not at the head ot any ominating hierarchy, they do often have the power to distract the attention of the public or afford sensations to the masses, or, more directly, to gain the ear of those who do occupy positions of direct power. More or less unattached, as critics of morality and technicians of power, as spokesmen of God and creators of mass sensibility, such celebrities and consultants are part of the immediate scene in which the drama of the elite is enacted. But that drama itself is centered in the command posts of the major institutional hierarchies. The truth about the nature and the ower of the elite is not some secret which men of affairs know but will not tell. Such men hold quite various theories about their own roles in the sequence of event and decision. Often they are uncertain about their roles, and even more often they allow their fears and their hopes to affect their assessment of their own power. No matter how great their actual power, they tend to be less acutely aware of it than of the resistances of others to its use. Moreover, most American men of affairs have learned well the rhetoric of public relations, in some cases even to the point of using it when they are alone, and thus coming to believe it. The personal awareness of the actors is only one of the several sources one must examine in order to understand the higher circles. Yet many who believe that there is no elite, or at any rate none of any consequence, rest their argument upon what men of affairs believe about themselves, or at least assert in public. There is, however, another view: those who feel, even if vaguely, that a compact and powerful elite of great importance does now prevail in America often base that feeling upon the historical trend of our time. They have felt, for example, the domination of the military event, and from this they infer hat generals and admirals, as well as other men of decision influenced by them, must be enormously powerful. They hear that the Congress has again abdicated to a handful of men decisions clearly related to the issue of war or peace. They know that the bomb was dropped over Japan in the name of the United States of America, although they were at no time consulted about the matter. They feel that they live in a time of big decisions; they know that they are not making any. Accordingly, as they consider the present as history, they infer that at its center, making decisions or failing to make them, there must be an elite of power. On the one hand, those who share this feeling about big historical events assume that there is an elite and that its power is great. On the other hand, those who listen carefully to the reports of men apparently involved in the great decisions often do not believe that there is an elite whose powers are of decisive consequence. Both views must be taken into account, but neither is adequate. The way to understand the power of the American elite lies neither solely in recognizing the historic scale of events nor in accepting the personal awareness reported by men of apparent decision. Behind such men and behind the vents of history, linking the two, are the major institutions of modern society. These hierarchies of state and corporation and army constitute the means of power; as such they are now of a consequence not before equaled in human history-and at their summits, there are now those command posts of modern society which offer us the sociological key to an understanding of the role of the higher circles in America. Within American society, major national power now resides in the economic, the political, and the military domains. Other institutions seem off to the side of modern history, and, on occasion, duly subordinated to these. No tamily is as directly powerful in national affairs as any major corporation; no church is as directly powerful in the external biographies of young men in America today as the military establishment; no college is as powerful in the shaping of momentous events as the National Security Council. Religious, educational, and family institutions are not autonomous centers of national power; on the contrary, these decentralized areas are increasingly shaped by the big three, in which developments of decisive and immediate consequence now occur. Families and churches and schools adapt to odern life; governments and armies and corporations shape it; and, as they do so, they turn these lesser institutions into means for their ends. Religious institutions provide chaplains to the armed forces where they are used as a means of increasing the effectiveness of its morale to kill. Schools select and train men for their Jobs in corporations and their specialized tasks in the armed forces. The extended family has, of course, long been broken up by the industrial revolution, and now the son and the father are removed from the family, by compulsion if need be, whenever the army of the state sends out the call. And the symbols of all these lesser institutions are used to legitimate the power and the decisions of the big three. The life-fate of the modern individual depends not only upon the family into which he was born or which he enters by marriage, but increasingly upon the corporation in which he spends the most alert hours of his best years; not only upon the school where he is educated as a child and adolescent, but also upon the state which touches him throughout his life; not only upon the church in which on occasion he hears the word of God, but also upon the army in which he is disciplined. If the centralized state could not rely upon the inculcation of nationalist loyalties in public and private schools, its leaders would promptly seek to modify the decentralized educational system, If the bankruptcy rate among the top five hundred corporations were as high as the general divorce rate among the thirty-seven million married couples, there would be economic catastrophe on an international scale. If members of armies gave to them no more of their lives than do believers to the churches to which they belong, there would be a military crisis. Within each of the big three, the typical institutional nit has become enlarged, has become administrative, and, in the power of its decisions, has become centralized. Behind these developments there is a fabulous technology, for as institutions, they have incorporated this technology and guide it, even as it shapes and paces their developments. The economy-once a great scatter of small productive units in autonomous balance-has become dominated by two or three hundred giant corporations, administratively and politically interrelated, which together hold the keys to economic decisions. The political order, once a decentralized set of several dozen states with a weak spinal cord, has become a entralized, executive establishment which has taken up into itself many powers previously scattered, and now enters into each and every crany of the social structure. The military order, once a slim establishment in a context of distrust fed by state militia, has become the largest and most expensive feature of government, and, although well versed in smiling public relations, now has all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain. In each of these institutional areas, the means of power at the disposal of decision makers have increased enormously; heir central executive powers nave been enhanced; within each ot them modern administrative routines have been elaborated and tightened up. As each of these domains becomes enlarged and centralized, the consequences of its activities become greater, and its traffic with the others increases. The decisions of a handful of corporations bear upon military and political as well as upon economic developments around the world. The decisions of the military establishment rest upon and grievously affect political life as well as the very level of economic activity. The decisions made within the political domain determine economic activities and ilitary programs. There is no longer, on the one hand, an economy, and, on the other hand, a political order containing a military establishment unimportant to politics and to money-making. There is a political economy linked, in a thousand ways, with military institutions and decisions. On each side of the world-split running through central Europe and around the Asiatic rimlands, there is an ever-increasing interlocking of economic, military, and political structures. If there is government intervention in the corporate economy, so is there corporate intervention in the overnmental process. In the structural sense, this triangle of power is the source of the interlocking directorate that is most important for the historical structure of the present. The fact of the interlocking is clearly revealed at each of the points of crisis of modern capitalist society-slump, war, and boom. In each, men of decision are led to an awareness of the interdependence of the major institutional orders. In the nineteenth century, when the scale of all institutions was smaller, their liberal integration was achieved in the automatic economy, by an autonomous play of arket forces, and in the automatic political domain, by the bargain and the vote. It was then assumed that out of the imbalance and friction that followed the limited decisions then possible a new equilibrium would in due course emerge. That can no longer be assumed, and it is not assumed by the men at the top of each of the three dominant hierarchies. For given the scope of their consequences, decisions-and indecisions-in any one of these ramify into the others, and hence top decisions tend either to become coordinated or to lead to a commanding indecision. It has not always been like this. When numerous small entrepreneurs made up the economy, for example, many of them could fail and the consequences still remain local; political and military authorities did not intervene. But now, given political expectations and military commitments, can they afford to allow key units of the private corporate economy to break down in slump? Increasingly, they do intervene in economic affairs, and as they do so, the controlling decisions in each order are inspected by agents of the other two, and economic, military, and political structures are interlocked. At the pinnacle of each of the three enlarged and centralized omains, there have arisen those higher circles which make up the economic, the political, and the military elites. At the top of the economy, among the corporate rich, there are the chief executives; at the top of the political order, the members of the political directorate; at the top of the military establishment, the elite of soldier- statesmen clustered in and around the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the upper echelon. As each of these domains has coincided with the others, as decisions tend to become total in their consequence, the leading men in each of the three domains of power- he warlords, the corporation chieftains, the political directorate-tend-to come together, to torm the power elite ot by C. Wright Mills America. * In the standard image of power and decision, no force is held to be as important as The Great American Public. More than merely another check and balance, this public is thought to be the seat of all legitimate power. In official life as in popular folklore, it is held to be the very balance wheel of democratic power. In the end, all liberal theorists rest their notions of the power system upon the political role of this public; ll official decisions, as well as private decisions of consequence, are Justified as in the publics welfare; all formal proclamations are in its name. Let us therefore consider the classic public of democratic theory in the generous spirit in which Rousseau once cried, Opinion, Queen of the World, is not subject to the power of kings; they are themselves its first slaves. The most important feature of the public of opinion, which the rise of the democratic middle class initiates, is the free ebb and flow of discussion. The possibilities of answering back, of organizing autonomous rgans of public opinion, of realizing opinion in action, are held to be established by democratic institutions. The opinion that results from public discussion is understood to be a resolution that is then carried out by public action; it is, in one version, the general will of the people, which the legislative organ enacts into law, thus lending to it legal force. Congress, or Parliament, as an institution, crowns all the scattered publics; it is the archetype for each of the little circles of face-to-face citizens discussing their public business. This eighteenth-century idea of the public f public opinion parallels the economic idea of the market of the free economy. Here is the market composed of freely competing entrepreneurs; there is the public composed of discussion circles of opinion peers. As price is the result of anonymous, equally weighted, bargaining individuals, so public opinion is the result of each mans having thought things out for himself and contributing his voice to the great chorus. To be sure, some might have more influence on the state of opinion than others, but no one group monopolizes the discussion, or by itself determines the opinions that prevail. Innumerable discussion circles are knit together by mobile people who carry opinions from one to another, and struggle for the power of larger command. The public is thus organized into associations and parties, each representing a set of viewpoints, each trying to acquire a place in the Congress, where the discussion continues. Out of the little circles of people talking with one another, the larger forces of social movements and political parties develop; and the discussion of opinion is the important phase in a total act by which public affairs are conducted. The autonomy of these discussions is an important element in the idea of ublic opinion as a democratic legitimation. The opinions formed are actively realized within the prevailing institutions of power; all authoritative agents are made or broken by the prevailing opinions of these publics. And, in so far as the public is trustrated in realizing its demands, its members may go beyond criticism ot specitlc policies; they may question the very legitimations of legal authority. That is one meaning of Jeffersons comment on the need for an occasional revolution. The public, so conceived, is the loom of classic, eighteenth-century democracy; discussion s at once the threads and the shuttle, tying the discussion circles together. It lies at the root of the conception of authority by discussion, and it is based upon the hope that truth and Justice will somehow come out of society as a great apparatus of free discussion. The people are presented with problems. They discuss them. They decide on them. They formulate viewpoints. These viewpoints are organized, and they compete. One viewpoint wins out. Then the people act out this view, or their representatives are instructed to act it out, and this they promptly do. Such are he images of the public of classic democracy which are still used as the working justifications of power in American society. But now we must recognize this description as a set of images out of a fairy tale: they are not adequate even as an approximate model of how the American system of power works. The issues that now shape mans fate are neither raised nor decided by the public at large. The idea of the community of publics is not a description of fact, but an assertion of an ideal, an assertion of a legitimation masquerading-as legitimations are now apt to do-as fact. For now the public of public opinion is recognized by all those who have considered it carefully as something less than it once was. These doubts are asserted positively in the statement that the classic community of publics is being transformed into a society of masses. This transformation, in fact, is one of the keys to the social and psychological meaning of modern life in America. . In the democratic society of publics it was assumed, with John Locke, that the individual conscience was the ultimate seat of Judgment and hence the final court of appeal. But this principle was challenged-as E. H. Carr has put it-when Rousseau for the first time thought in terms of the sovereignty of the whole people, and faced the issue of mass democracy. II. In the democratic society of publics it was assumed that a mong the individuals who composed it there was a natural and peaceful harmony of interests. But this essentially conservative doctrine gave way to the Utilitarian doctrine that such a harmony of interests had first to be created by reform before it could work, and later to the Marxian doctrine of class struggle, which surely was then, and certainly is now, closer to reality than any assumed harmony of interests. Ill. In the democratic society of publics it was assumed that before public action would be taken, there would be rational discussion between individuals which would determine the action and that, accordingly, the public opinion that resulted would be the infallible voice of reason. But this has been challenged not only ( 1 ) by the assumed need for experts to decide delicate and intricate issues, but (2) by the discovery-as by Freud-of the irrationality of the man in the street, and (3) by the discovery- as by Marx-of the socially conditioned nature of what was once assumed to be autonomous reason. IV. In the democratic society of publics it was assumed that after determining what is true and right and Just, the public would act accordingly or see that its representatives did so. In the long run, public opinion will not only be right, but public opinion will prevail. This assumption has been upset by the great gap now existing between the underlying population and those who make decisions in its name, decisions of enormous consequence which t until well after the fact. *** e public otten does not even know are being made Public opinion exists when people who are not in the government of a country claim he right to express political opinions freely and publicly, and the right that these opinions should influence or determine the policies, personnel, and actions of their government. In this formal sense there has been and there is a definite public opinion in the United States. And yet, with modern developments this formal right- when it does still exist as a right -does not mean what it once did. The older world of voluntary organization was as different from the world of the mass organization, as was Tom Paines world of pamphleteering from the world of the mass media. Since he French Revolution, conservative thinkers have Viewed With Alarm the rise of the public, which they called the masses, or something to that effect. The populace is sovereign, and the tide of barbarism mounts, wrote Gustave Le Bon. The divine right of the masses is about to replace the divine right of kings, and already the destinies of nations are elaborated at present in the heart of the masses, and no longer in the councils of princes. During the twentieth century, liberal and even socialist thinkers have followed suit, with more explicit reference to what we have called the society of asses. From Le Bon to Emil Lederer and Ortega y Gasset, they have held that the influence of the mass in unfortunately increasing. But surely those who have supposed the masses to be all powerful, or at least well on their way to triumph, are wrong. In our time, as Chakhofln knew, the influence of autonomous collectivities within political life is in fact diminishing. Furthermore, such influence as they do have is guided; they must now be seen not as publics acting autonomously, but as masses manipulated at focal points into crowds of demonstrators. For as publics become asses, masses sometimes become crowds; and, in crowds, the psychical rape by the mass media is supplemented up-close by the harsh and sudden harangue. Then the people in the crowd disperse again-as atomized and submissive masses. In all modern societies, the autonomous associations standing between the various classes and the state tend to lose their effect as vehicles of reasoned opinion and instruments for the rational exertion of political will. Such associations can be deliberately broken up and thus turned into passive instruments of rule, or they can more slowly wither away from lack of use in the face of centralized means of power. But whether they are destroyed in a week or wither in a generation, such associations are replaced in virtually every sphere of life by centralized organizations, and it is such organizations with all their new means of power that take charge of the terrorized or-as the case may be-merely intimidated, society of masses. The institutional trends that make for a society of masses are to a considerable extent a matter of impersonal drift, but the remnants of the public are also exposed to more personal and intentional forces. With the broadening of the base of politics within he context of a folk-lore of democratic decision-making, and with the increased means of mass persuasion that are available, the public of public opinion has become the object of intensive efforts to control, manage, manipulate, and increasingly intimidate. In political, military, economic realms, power becomes, in varying degrees, uneasy before the suspected opinions of masses, and, accordingly, opinion-making becomes an accepted technique of power-holding and power- getting. The minority electorate ot the propertied and the educated is replaced by the total suffrage-and intensive campaigns for the vote. The small eighteenth-century professional army is replaced by the mass army of conscripts-and by the problems of nationalist morale. The small shop is replaced by the mass-production industry-and the national advertisement. As the scale of institutions has become larger and more centralized, so has the range and intensity of the opinion-makers efforts. The means of opinion-making, in fact, have paralleled in range and efficiency the other institutions of greater scale that cradle the modern society of masses. Accordingly, in addition to their enlarged and centralized means of administration, exploitation, and iolence, the modern elite have had placed within their grasp historically unique instruments of psychic management and manipulation, which include universal compulsory education as well as the media of mass communication. Early observers believed that the increase in the range and volume of the formal means of communication would enlarge and animate the primary public. In such optimistic views-written before radio and television and movies-the formal media are understood as simply multiplying the scope and pace of personal discussion. Modern conditions, Charles Cooley wrote, enlarge indefinitely the competition of ideas, and hatever has owed its persistence merely to lack of comparison is likely to go, for that which is really congenial to the choosing mind will be all the more cherished and increased. Still excited by the break-up of the conventional consensus of the local community, he saw the new means of communication as furthering the conversational dynamic of classic democracy, and with it the growth of rational and free individuality. No one really knows all the functions of the mass media, for in their entirety these functions are probably so pervasive and so subtle that they cannot be caught by the means of social research now available. But we do now have reason to believe that these media have helped less to enlarge and animate the discussions of primary publics than to transform them into a set of media markets in mass-like In their attempts to neutralize or to turn to their own use the articulate public, the opinion-makers try to make it a relay network for their views. If the opinion-makers have so much power that they can act directly and openly upon the primary publics, they may become authoritative; but, if they do not have such power and hence have to operate indirectly and without visibility, they will assume the stance of manipulators. Authority is power that is explicit and more or less voluntarily obeyed; manipulation is the secret exercise of power, unknown to those who are influenced. In the model of the classic democratic society, manipulation is not a problem, because formal authority resides in the public itself and in its representatives who are made or broken by the public. In the completely authoritarian society, manipulation is not a problem, because authority is openly identified with the ruling institutions and their agents, who may use authority explicitly and nakedly. They do not, in the extreme case, have to gain or retain power by hiding its exercise. Manipulation becomes a problem wherever men have power that is concentrated and willful but do not have authority, or when, for any reason, they do not wish to use their power openly. Then the powerful seek to rule without showing their powerfulness. They want to rule, as it were, secretly, without publicized legitimation. It is in this mixed case-as in the intermediate reality ot the American today-that manipulation is a prime way of exercising power. Small circles of men are making decisions which they need to have at least authorized by indifferent or recalcitrant people over whom they do not exercise explicit authority. So the small circle tries to manipulate these people into willing acceptance or cheerful support of their decisions or opinions-or at least to the rejection of possible counter-opinions. Authority formally resides in the people, but power is in fact held by small circles of men. That is why the standard strategy of manipulation is to make it appear that the people, or at least a large group of them, really made the decision. That is why even when the authority is available, men with access to it may still prefer the secret, quieter ways of manipulation. But are not the people now more educated? Why not emphasize the spread of education rather than the increased effects of the mass media? The answer, in brief, is that mass education, in many respects, has become- another mass medium. The prime task of public education, as it came widely to be understood in this country, was political: to make the citizen more knowledgeable and thus better able to think and to Judge of public affairs. In time, the function of education shifted from the political to the economic: to train people for better-paying jobs and thus to get ahead. This is especially true of the high-school movement, hich has met the business demands for white-collar skills at the publics expense. In large part education has become merely vocational; in so far as its political task is concerned, in many schools, that has been reduced to a routine training of nationalist loyalties. The training of skills that are of more or less direct use in the vocational life is an important task to perform, but ought not to be mistaken for liberal education: Job advancement, no matter on what levels, is not the same as self- development, although the two are now systematically confused. Among skills, some re more and some are less relevant to the aims of liberal-that is to say, ]liberating- education. Skills and values cannot be so easily separated as the academic search for supposedly neutral skills causes us to assume. And especially not when we speak seriously of liberal education. Of course, there is a scale, with skills at one end and values at the other, but it is the middle range of this scale, which one might call sensibilities, that are of most relevance to the classic public. To train someone to operate a lathe or to read and write is pretty much education of skill; to evoke from eople an understanding of what they really want out of their lives or to debate with them stoic, Christian and humanist ways of living, is pretty much a clear-cut education of values. But to assist in the birth among a group of people of those cultural and political and technical sensibilities which would make them genuine members of a genuinely liberal public, this is at once a training in skills and an education of values. It includes a sort of therapy in the ancient sense of clarifying ones knowledge of ones self; it includes the imparting of all those skills of ontroversy with ones self, which we call thinking; and with others, which we call debate. And the end product of such liberal education of sensibilities is simply the self-educating, self-cultivating man or woman. The knowledgeable man in the genuine public is able to turn his personal troubles into social issues, to see their relevance for his community and his communitys relevance for them. He understands that what he thinks and feels as personal troubles are very often not only that but problems snared by others and indeed not subject to solution by any one individual but only by modifications of the structure of the groups in which he ives and sometimes the structure of the entire society. Men in masses are gripped by personal troubles, but they are not aware of their true meaning and source. Men in public confront issues, and they are aware of their terms. It is the task of the liberal institution, as of the liberally educated man, continually to translate troubles into issues and issues into the terms of their human meaning for the individual. In the absence of deep and wide political debate, schools for adults and adolescents could perhaps become hospitable frameworks for Just such debate. In a community f publics the task of liberal education would be: to keep the public from being overwhelmed; to help produce the disciplined and informed mind that cannot be overwhelmed; to help develop the bold and sensible individual that cannot be sunk by the burdens of mass life. But educational practice has not made knowledge directly relevant to the human need of the troubled person of the twentieth century or to the social practices of the citizen. This citizen cannot now see the roots of his own biases and frustrations, nor think clearly about himself, nor for that matter about anything else. He does not see the frustration of idea, of intellect, by the present organization of society, and he is not able to meet the tasks now confronting the intelligent citizen. Educational institutions have not done these things and, except in rare instances, they are not doing them. They have become mere elevators of occupational and social ascent, and, on all levels, they have become politically timid. Moreover, in the hands of professional educators, many schools have come to operate on an ideology of life adjustment that encourages happy acceptance of mass ways of life rather than the struggle for individual and public transcendence. There is not much doubt that modern regressive educators have adapted their notions of educational content and practice to the idea of the mass. They do not effectively proclaim standards of cultural level and intellectual rigor; rather they often deal in the trivia of vocational tricks and adjustment to life-meaning the slack life of masses. Democratic schools often mean the furtherance of intellectual mediocrity, vocational training, nationalistic loyalties, and little else. The Chief Executives The corporations are the organized centers of the private property system: the chief xecutives are the organizers of that system. As economic men, they are at once creatures and creators of the corporate revolution, which, in brief, has transformed property from a tool of the workman into an elaborate instrument by which his work is controlled and a profit extracted from it. The small entrepreneur is no longer the key to the economic life of America; and in many economic sectors where small producers and distributors do still exist they strive mightily-as indeed they must if they are not to be extinguished-to have trade associations or governments act for