Product Life Cycle Essay

DefinitionProducts come and go. A companys ch totallyenge is to hold on to its customers longer than it holds on to its growths. It needs to watch the market life steering wheel and the customer life cycle more than the result life cycle. Someone at Ford realise this If were not customer driven, our cars wont be either. One selects marketing tools that are appropriate to the stage of the products life cycle. For example, publicize and publicity will produce the biggest payoff in the introduction stage of a product their job is to build consumer awareness and interest. Sales promotions and personal exchange grow more important during a products maturity stage. Personal selling can strengthen customers comprehension of your products advantages and their sentence that the offering is worthwhile.Product Development and Life-Cycle StrategiesIn the face of changing customer needs, technologies and competition, product innovation or the schooling of in the raw products has become v ital to a companys survival. Introducing new products, however, is not sufficient. The firm must also know how to manage the new product as it goes through its life cycle that is, from its birth, through growth and maturity, to eventual demise as newer products come along that better serve consumer needs.This product life cycle presents two principal altercates. First, because all products eventually decline, the firm must find new products to replace ageing ones (the problem of new-product development). Second, the firm must understand how its products age and adapt its marketing strategies as products pass through life-cycle stages (the problem of product life-cycle, strategies). We therefore look initially at the problem of finding and ontogeny new products, and then at the challenge of managing them successfully over their life cycles.Innovation and brisk-Product DevelopmentGiven the rapid changes in taste, technology and competition, a company cannot rely solely on its vivac ious products to sustain growth or to maintainprofitability. The firm can hope to maintain market and profit performance only by continuous product innovation. Product innovation encompasses a variety of product development activities product improvement, development of entirely new ones, and extensions that increase the range or number of lines of product the firm can offer. Product innovations are not to be confused with inventions. The latter are a new technology or product which may or may not deliver benefits to customers. An innovation is defined as an idea, product or piece of technology that has been developed and marketed to customers who perceive it as unfermented or new.We may call it a process of identifying, creating and delivering new-product values or benefits that were not offered before in the marketplace. In this chapter we look specifically at new products as opposed to value creation through marketing actions (such as product/brand repositioning, segmentation of current markets). We also need to distinguish amidst obtaining new products through acquisition by buying a whole company, a patent or a licence to produce someone elses product and through new-product development in the companys own research and development department.As the costs of developing and introducing major new products commence climbed, many large companies keep decided to acquire existing brands rather than to create new ones. Other firms have saved money by write competitors brands or by reviving old brands. These routes can contribute to a firms growth and have both advantages and limitations. In this chapter, we are in the main concerned with how businesses create and market new products. By new products we mean original products, product improvements, pnxhict modifications and new brands that the firm develops through its own research and development efforts.Risks and Returns Jri InnovationInnovation can be very risky for a number of reasons1. New-product d evelopment is an expensive affair it cost Tate & Lyle around 150 billion to develop a new sugar substitute pharmaceutical firms spend an average of .100-50 million to develop a new drug while developing a super-jumbo project could cost billions.2. New-product development takes time. Although companies can dramatically shorten their development time, in many industries, such asPharmaceuticals, biotechnology, aerospace and food, new-product development cycles can be as long as 10-15 socio-economic classs. The uncertainty and unpredictability of market environments further raise the risks of commercialization. Roots had to withdraw Manoplex, a heart drug, slight than a year after its launch in the United Kingdom, after a trial on 3,000 patients in the United States and Scandinavia suggested an adverse effect on patient survival. The pharmaeeudeals air division lost nigh 200 million on the drug, which cost nearly 100 million to develop over a period of 12 years, and about S20 mill ion was spent on promoting and marketing it.3. Unexpected delays in development are also a problem. History is littered with grand pioneering engineering projects which have failed to satisfy the original expectations of bankers, investors and politicians. The Seikan rail tunnel, connecting the island of Hokkaido to mainland Japan, was completed 14 years late and billions of pounds over budget the S10 billion cost of the Channel tunnel, which opened on 6 May 994, a year later than originally planned, is more than double the 4,8 billion forecast in 1987.4. The new-product success record is not encouraging either. New products continue to fail at a disturbing rate. One recent study estimated that new consumer packaged goods (consisting mostly of line extensions) fail at a rate of 80 per cent. The same high failure rate appears to afflict new financial products and services, such as credit cards, insurance plans and brokerage services. some other study found that about 33 per cent of new industrial products fail at launch.Despite the risks, firms that learn to innovate well become less vulnerable to attacks by new entrants which discover new ways of delivering added values, benefits and solutions to customers problems.